Prove that $D$ is the incentre of the triangle $IJK$.

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Let $ABC$ be a triangle and $S$ its circumcircle. The points $D$, $E$, and $F$ are the feet of altitudes drawn from $A$, $B$, and $C$, respectively. The line $AD$ meets $S$ again at $K$. Let $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of $DE$ and $DF$, respectively. If $M$ and $N$ respectively intersect $S$ at $I$ and $J$, prove that $D$ is the incentre of the triangle $IJK$.




I tried angle chasing, but failed to preceed something good (though I use scale and compass I failed to construct a proper diagram because there are so many intersections. Actually we don't have many thinks about the line joining the foots of altitudes.
Please help me by giving hints or full answer










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  • Why anyone is not commanding my question??
    – Sufaid Saleel
    Sep 7 at 3:02










  • I am still learning how to use it, but GeoGebra is a big help for diagrams.
    – Edward Porcella
    Sep 8 at 19:22











  • It is easy to prove for equilateral triangle. Can I use projective transformation to generalize it??
    – Sufaid Saleel
    Sep 9 at 3:54










  • A projective transformation can send a circle to a non-circular conic section, so I don't think that it is a good idea to use projective geometry here.
    – Batominovski
    Sep 9 at 4:14














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Let $ABC$ be a triangle and $S$ its circumcircle. The points $D$, $E$, and $F$ are the feet of altitudes drawn from $A$, $B$, and $C$, respectively. The line $AD$ meets $S$ again at $K$. Let $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of $DE$ and $DF$, respectively. If $M$ and $N$ respectively intersect $S$ at $I$ and $J$, prove that $D$ is the incentre of the triangle $IJK$.




I tried angle chasing, but failed to preceed something good (though I use scale and compass I failed to construct a proper diagram because there are so many intersections. Actually we don't have many thinks about the line joining the foots of altitudes.
Please help me by giving hints or full answer










share|cite|improve this question























  • Why anyone is not commanding my question??
    – Sufaid Saleel
    Sep 7 at 3:02










  • I am still learning how to use it, but GeoGebra is a big help for diagrams.
    – Edward Porcella
    Sep 8 at 19:22











  • It is easy to prove for equilateral triangle. Can I use projective transformation to generalize it??
    – Sufaid Saleel
    Sep 9 at 3:54










  • A projective transformation can send a circle to a non-circular conic section, so I don't think that it is a good idea to use projective geometry here.
    – Batominovski
    Sep 9 at 4:14












up vote
0
down vote

favorite
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up vote
0
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1






Let $ABC$ be a triangle and $S$ its circumcircle. The points $D$, $E$, and $F$ are the feet of altitudes drawn from $A$, $B$, and $C$, respectively. The line $AD$ meets $S$ again at $K$. Let $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of $DE$ and $DF$, respectively. If $M$ and $N$ respectively intersect $S$ at $I$ and $J$, prove that $D$ is the incentre of the triangle $IJK$.




I tried angle chasing, but failed to preceed something good (though I use scale and compass I failed to construct a proper diagram because there are so many intersections. Actually we don't have many thinks about the line joining the foots of altitudes.
Please help me by giving hints or full answer










share|cite|improve this question
















Let $ABC$ be a triangle and $S$ its circumcircle. The points $D$, $E$, and $F$ are the feet of altitudes drawn from $A$, $B$, and $C$, respectively. The line $AD$ meets $S$ again at $K$. Let $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of $DE$ and $DF$, respectively. If $M$ and $N$ respectively intersect $S$ at $I$ and $J$, prove that $D$ is the incentre of the triangle $IJK$.




I tried angle chasing, but failed to preceed something good (though I use scale and compass I failed to construct a proper diagram because there are so many intersections. Actually we don't have many thinks about the line joining the foots of altitudes.
Please help me by giving hints or full answer







geometry euclidean-geometry triangle circle






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edited Sep 9 at 4:22









Batominovski

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asked Sep 7 at 2:41









Sufaid Saleel

1,720625




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  • Why anyone is not commanding my question??
    – Sufaid Saleel
    Sep 7 at 3:02










  • I am still learning how to use it, but GeoGebra is a big help for diagrams.
    – Edward Porcella
    Sep 8 at 19:22











  • It is easy to prove for equilateral triangle. Can I use projective transformation to generalize it??
    – Sufaid Saleel
    Sep 9 at 3:54










  • A projective transformation can send a circle to a non-circular conic section, so I don't think that it is a good idea to use projective geometry here.
    – Batominovski
    Sep 9 at 4:14
















  • Why anyone is not commanding my question??
    – Sufaid Saleel
    Sep 7 at 3:02










  • I am still learning how to use it, but GeoGebra is a big help for diagrams.
    – Edward Porcella
    Sep 8 at 19:22











  • It is easy to prove for equilateral triangle. Can I use projective transformation to generalize it??
    – Sufaid Saleel
    Sep 9 at 3:54










  • A projective transformation can send a circle to a non-circular conic section, so I don't think that it is a good idea to use projective geometry here.
    – Batominovski
    Sep 9 at 4:14















Why anyone is not commanding my question??
– Sufaid Saleel
Sep 7 at 3:02




Why anyone is not commanding my question??
– Sufaid Saleel
Sep 7 at 3:02












I am still learning how to use it, but GeoGebra is a big help for diagrams.
– Edward Porcella
Sep 8 at 19:22





I am still learning how to use it, but GeoGebra is a big help for diagrams.
– Edward Porcella
Sep 8 at 19:22













It is easy to prove for equilateral triangle. Can I use projective transformation to generalize it??
– Sufaid Saleel
Sep 9 at 3:54




It is easy to prove for equilateral triangle. Can I use projective transformation to generalize it??
– Sufaid Saleel
Sep 9 at 3:54












A projective transformation can send a circle to a non-circular conic section, so I don't think that it is a good idea to use projective geometry here.
– Batominovski
Sep 9 at 4:14




A projective transformation can send a circle to a non-circular conic section, so I don't think that it is a good idea to use projective geometry here.
– Batominovski
Sep 9 at 4:14










2 Answers
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Remark: The problem as stated is not entirely correct. Only when both $angle ABC$ and $angle ACB$ are acute angles do we have that $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$. When $angle ABC$ or $angle ACB$ is a right angle, we obtain a degenerate case, where $M=E=D=B$ so that $IJ=AB$, or $N=F=D=C$ so that $IJ=AC$, respectively. If $angle ABC>dfracpi2$ or $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is an excenter of the triangle $IJK$. See an illustration below. (If we define $I$ and $J$ so that $MI$ and $NJ$ are disjoint, then in the case $angle ABC>dfracpi2$, $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $I$. On the other hand, if $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $J$.)



enter image description here




Let $R$ denote the circumradius of the triangle $ABC$. Write $alpha$, $beta$, and $gamma$ for the angles $angle BAC$, $angle CBA$, and $angle ACB$, respectively. In what follows, we assume that $beta$ and $gamma$ are in the interval $left(0,dfracpi2right)$. First, we assume that $alphainleft(0,dfracpi2right)$. Then, $$angle DFE=pi-2gamma,.$$ Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is given by $$DF,sin(pi-2gamma)=DF,sin(2gamma),.$$
Since the triangle $ABC$ and the triangle $DBF$ are similar, we get
$$DF=AC,left(fracBDABright)=AC,cos(beta)=2,R,sin(beta),cos(beta)=R,sin(2beta),.$$
Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is $R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$, whence the distance from $D$ to $IJ$ is
$$rho:=frac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma),.$$



enter image description here



It is not difficult to see that $OAperp EF$, whence $OA perp IJ$. Therefore, $A$ is the midpoint of the arc $IAJ$. This shows that $$angle DKI=angle AKI=angle AKJ=angle DKJ=:theta,.$$ Ergo, the distance between $O$ and $EF$ is
$$beginalignd:=OA-AE,sin(beta)&=R-AB,left(fracAEABright),sin(beta)\&=R-big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(alpha),sin(beta)\&=Rbig(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)big),.endalign$$
Thus, the distance $delta$ between $O$ and $IJ$ is
$$beginaligndelta=d-rho&=R,Big(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)-2,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
\
&=R,Big(1+2,big(cos(beta+gamma)-cos(beta),cos(gamma)big),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
\
&=R,Big(1-2,sin^2(beta),sin^2(gamma)Big),.endalign$$



Finally, note that $$beginalignDK=DH&=BD,cot(gamma)=big(AB,cos(beta)big),cot(gamma)\&=big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(beta),cot(gamma)\&=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),.endalign$$
Since $delta=R,cos(2,theta)=R,big(1-2,sin^2(theta)big)$, we conclude that
$$sin(theta)=sin(beta),sin(gamma),,$$
whence the distance from $D$ to $IK$ or to $JK$ is
$$DK,sin(theta)=DK,sin(beta),sin(gamma)=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)=rho,.$$ Hence, $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$, with inradius $rho=dfrac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$.




The case $alpha inleft(dfracpi2,piright)$ can be dealt with in a similar manner. One of the differences is that $angle DFE=2gamma$.



enter image description here






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  • This is a good argument. Knowing that the portions of $triangle ABC$ outside of $triangle DEF$ are each similar to triangle $ABC$, making $angle DFE=pi-2gamma$, is evidently key to getting a general expression for the distance from $D$ to $IJ$. Very nice.
    – Edward Porcella
    Sep 11 at 5:04

















up vote
0
down vote













Consider the special case where $triangle ABC$ is equilateral, with circumradius $OC=1$.



Since $CB=sqrt3$ and $DE=fracCB2$, then $MD=fracsqrt34$, and in $triangle MDR$, $MR=frac12MD=fracsqrt38$, and $$RD=sqrtMD^2-MR^2=sqrtfrac1264-frac364=frac38=.375$$D is incenter of triangle IJK



Now from $D$ make $DGperp IK$. Since chords $AK$ and $IJ$ intersect at $R$, then$$ARcdot RK=IRcdot RJ$$And since $AR=frac98$, and $RK=frac78$, and $IR=RJ$, then$$frac6364=IR^2$$and$$IR=sqrtfrac6364=frac38sqrt7$$Hence$$tanangle KIR=fracRKIR=fracsqrt73=.8819$$and$$angle KIR=arctan .8819=41.41^o$$Therefore$$angle GKD=angle IKR=48.59^o$$And since$$cos48.59^o=.6614=fracGKDK=fracGK.5$$then$$GK=.5times.6614=.3307$$and$$DG=sqrt.5^2-.3307^2=.375$$Therefore, the circle with radius $DR=.375$ is tangent to $IK$ at $G$. And because of the symmetry of the figure about $AK$, the same argument will show that the perpendicular from $D$ to $JK=.375$.



Hence $D$ is the incenter of $triangle IJK$ when $triangle ABC$ is equilateral.



So far so good, but what might be done to generalize this?






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    2 Answers
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    2 Answers
    2






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

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    active

    oldest

    votes








    up vote
    2
    down vote



    accepted










    Remark: The problem as stated is not entirely correct. Only when both $angle ABC$ and $angle ACB$ are acute angles do we have that $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$. When $angle ABC$ or $angle ACB$ is a right angle, we obtain a degenerate case, where $M=E=D=B$ so that $IJ=AB$, or $N=F=D=C$ so that $IJ=AC$, respectively. If $angle ABC>dfracpi2$ or $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is an excenter of the triangle $IJK$. See an illustration below. (If we define $I$ and $J$ so that $MI$ and $NJ$ are disjoint, then in the case $angle ABC>dfracpi2$, $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $I$. On the other hand, if $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $J$.)



    enter image description here




    Let $R$ denote the circumradius of the triangle $ABC$. Write $alpha$, $beta$, and $gamma$ for the angles $angle BAC$, $angle CBA$, and $angle ACB$, respectively. In what follows, we assume that $beta$ and $gamma$ are in the interval $left(0,dfracpi2right)$. First, we assume that $alphainleft(0,dfracpi2right)$. Then, $$angle DFE=pi-2gamma,.$$ Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is given by $$DF,sin(pi-2gamma)=DF,sin(2gamma),.$$
    Since the triangle $ABC$ and the triangle $DBF$ are similar, we get
    $$DF=AC,left(fracBDABright)=AC,cos(beta)=2,R,sin(beta),cos(beta)=R,sin(2beta),.$$
    Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is $R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$, whence the distance from $D$ to $IJ$ is
    $$rho:=frac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma),.$$



    enter image description here



    It is not difficult to see that $OAperp EF$, whence $OA perp IJ$. Therefore, $A$ is the midpoint of the arc $IAJ$. This shows that $$angle DKI=angle AKI=angle AKJ=angle DKJ=:theta,.$$ Ergo, the distance between $O$ and $EF$ is
    $$beginalignd:=OA-AE,sin(beta)&=R-AB,left(fracAEABright),sin(beta)\&=R-big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(alpha),sin(beta)\&=Rbig(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)big),.endalign$$
    Thus, the distance $delta$ between $O$ and $IJ$ is
    $$beginaligndelta=d-rho&=R,Big(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)-2,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
    \
    &=R,Big(1+2,big(cos(beta+gamma)-cos(beta),cos(gamma)big),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
    \
    &=R,Big(1-2,sin^2(beta),sin^2(gamma)Big),.endalign$$



    Finally, note that $$beginalignDK=DH&=BD,cot(gamma)=big(AB,cos(beta)big),cot(gamma)\&=big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(beta),cot(gamma)\&=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),.endalign$$
    Since $delta=R,cos(2,theta)=R,big(1-2,sin^2(theta)big)$, we conclude that
    $$sin(theta)=sin(beta),sin(gamma),,$$
    whence the distance from $D$ to $IK$ or to $JK$ is
    $$DK,sin(theta)=DK,sin(beta),sin(gamma)=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)=rho,.$$ Hence, $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$, with inradius $rho=dfrac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$.




    The case $alpha inleft(dfracpi2,piright)$ can be dealt with in a similar manner. One of the differences is that $angle DFE=2gamma$.



    enter image description here






    share|cite|improve this answer






















    • This is a good argument. Knowing that the portions of $triangle ABC$ outside of $triangle DEF$ are each similar to triangle $ABC$, making $angle DFE=pi-2gamma$, is evidently key to getting a general expression for the distance from $D$ to $IJ$. Very nice.
      – Edward Porcella
      Sep 11 at 5:04














    up vote
    2
    down vote



    accepted










    Remark: The problem as stated is not entirely correct. Only when both $angle ABC$ and $angle ACB$ are acute angles do we have that $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$. When $angle ABC$ or $angle ACB$ is a right angle, we obtain a degenerate case, where $M=E=D=B$ so that $IJ=AB$, or $N=F=D=C$ so that $IJ=AC$, respectively. If $angle ABC>dfracpi2$ or $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is an excenter of the triangle $IJK$. See an illustration below. (If we define $I$ and $J$ so that $MI$ and $NJ$ are disjoint, then in the case $angle ABC>dfracpi2$, $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $I$. On the other hand, if $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $J$.)



    enter image description here




    Let $R$ denote the circumradius of the triangle $ABC$. Write $alpha$, $beta$, and $gamma$ for the angles $angle BAC$, $angle CBA$, and $angle ACB$, respectively. In what follows, we assume that $beta$ and $gamma$ are in the interval $left(0,dfracpi2right)$. First, we assume that $alphainleft(0,dfracpi2right)$. Then, $$angle DFE=pi-2gamma,.$$ Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is given by $$DF,sin(pi-2gamma)=DF,sin(2gamma),.$$
    Since the triangle $ABC$ and the triangle $DBF$ are similar, we get
    $$DF=AC,left(fracBDABright)=AC,cos(beta)=2,R,sin(beta),cos(beta)=R,sin(2beta),.$$
    Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is $R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$, whence the distance from $D$ to $IJ$ is
    $$rho:=frac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma),.$$



    enter image description here



    It is not difficult to see that $OAperp EF$, whence $OA perp IJ$. Therefore, $A$ is the midpoint of the arc $IAJ$. This shows that $$angle DKI=angle AKI=angle AKJ=angle DKJ=:theta,.$$ Ergo, the distance between $O$ and $EF$ is
    $$beginalignd:=OA-AE,sin(beta)&=R-AB,left(fracAEABright),sin(beta)\&=R-big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(alpha),sin(beta)\&=Rbig(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)big),.endalign$$
    Thus, the distance $delta$ between $O$ and $IJ$ is
    $$beginaligndelta=d-rho&=R,Big(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)-2,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
    \
    &=R,Big(1+2,big(cos(beta+gamma)-cos(beta),cos(gamma)big),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
    \
    &=R,Big(1-2,sin^2(beta),sin^2(gamma)Big),.endalign$$



    Finally, note that $$beginalignDK=DH&=BD,cot(gamma)=big(AB,cos(beta)big),cot(gamma)\&=big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(beta),cot(gamma)\&=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),.endalign$$
    Since $delta=R,cos(2,theta)=R,big(1-2,sin^2(theta)big)$, we conclude that
    $$sin(theta)=sin(beta),sin(gamma),,$$
    whence the distance from $D$ to $IK$ or to $JK$ is
    $$DK,sin(theta)=DK,sin(beta),sin(gamma)=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)=rho,.$$ Hence, $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$, with inradius $rho=dfrac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$.




    The case $alpha inleft(dfracpi2,piright)$ can be dealt with in a similar manner. One of the differences is that $angle DFE=2gamma$.



    enter image description here






    share|cite|improve this answer






















    • This is a good argument. Knowing that the portions of $triangle ABC$ outside of $triangle DEF$ are each similar to triangle $ABC$, making $angle DFE=pi-2gamma$, is evidently key to getting a general expression for the distance from $D$ to $IJ$. Very nice.
      – Edward Porcella
      Sep 11 at 5:04












    up vote
    2
    down vote



    accepted







    up vote
    2
    down vote



    accepted






    Remark: The problem as stated is not entirely correct. Only when both $angle ABC$ and $angle ACB$ are acute angles do we have that $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$. When $angle ABC$ or $angle ACB$ is a right angle, we obtain a degenerate case, where $M=E=D=B$ so that $IJ=AB$, or $N=F=D=C$ so that $IJ=AC$, respectively. If $angle ABC>dfracpi2$ or $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is an excenter of the triangle $IJK$. See an illustration below. (If we define $I$ and $J$ so that $MI$ and $NJ$ are disjoint, then in the case $angle ABC>dfracpi2$, $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $I$. On the other hand, if $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $J$.)



    enter image description here




    Let $R$ denote the circumradius of the triangle $ABC$. Write $alpha$, $beta$, and $gamma$ for the angles $angle BAC$, $angle CBA$, and $angle ACB$, respectively. In what follows, we assume that $beta$ and $gamma$ are in the interval $left(0,dfracpi2right)$. First, we assume that $alphainleft(0,dfracpi2right)$. Then, $$angle DFE=pi-2gamma,.$$ Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is given by $$DF,sin(pi-2gamma)=DF,sin(2gamma),.$$
    Since the triangle $ABC$ and the triangle $DBF$ are similar, we get
    $$DF=AC,left(fracBDABright)=AC,cos(beta)=2,R,sin(beta),cos(beta)=R,sin(2beta),.$$
    Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is $R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$, whence the distance from $D$ to $IJ$ is
    $$rho:=frac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma),.$$



    enter image description here



    It is not difficult to see that $OAperp EF$, whence $OA perp IJ$. Therefore, $A$ is the midpoint of the arc $IAJ$. This shows that $$angle DKI=angle AKI=angle AKJ=angle DKJ=:theta,.$$ Ergo, the distance between $O$ and $EF$ is
    $$beginalignd:=OA-AE,sin(beta)&=R-AB,left(fracAEABright),sin(beta)\&=R-big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(alpha),sin(beta)\&=Rbig(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)big),.endalign$$
    Thus, the distance $delta$ between $O$ and $IJ$ is
    $$beginaligndelta=d-rho&=R,Big(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)-2,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
    \
    &=R,Big(1+2,big(cos(beta+gamma)-cos(beta),cos(gamma)big),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
    \
    &=R,Big(1-2,sin^2(beta),sin^2(gamma)Big),.endalign$$



    Finally, note that $$beginalignDK=DH&=BD,cot(gamma)=big(AB,cos(beta)big),cot(gamma)\&=big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(beta),cot(gamma)\&=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),.endalign$$
    Since $delta=R,cos(2,theta)=R,big(1-2,sin^2(theta)big)$, we conclude that
    $$sin(theta)=sin(beta),sin(gamma),,$$
    whence the distance from $D$ to $IK$ or to $JK$ is
    $$DK,sin(theta)=DK,sin(beta),sin(gamma)=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)=rho,.$$ Hence, $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$, with inradius $rho=dfrac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$.




    The case $alpha inleft(dfracpi2,piright)$ can be dealt with in a similar manner. One of the differences is that $angle DFE=2gamma$.



    enter image description here






    share|cite|improve this answer














    Remark: The problem as stated is not entirely correct. Only when both $angle ABC$ and $angle ACB$ are acute angles do we have that $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$. When $angle ABC$ or $angle ACB$ is a right angle, we obtain a degenerate case, where $M=E=D=B$ so that $IJ=AB$, or $N=F=D=C$ so that $IJ=AC$, respectively. If $angle ABC>dfracpi2$ or $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is an excenter of the triangle $IJK$. See an illustration below. (If we define $I$ and $J$ so that $MI$ and $NJ$ are disjoint, then in the case $angle ABC>dfracpi2$, $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $I$. On the other hand, if $angle ACB>dfracpi2$, then $D$ is the excenter of the triangle $IJK$ opposite to $J$.)



    enter image description here




    Let $R$ denote the circumradius of the triangle $ABC$. Write $alpha$, $beta$, and $gamma$ for the angles $angle BAC$, $angle CBA$, and $angle ACB$, respectively. In what follows, we assume that $beta$ and $gamma$ are in the interval $left(0,dfracpi2right)$. First, we assume that $alphainleft(0,dfracpi2right)$. Then, $$angle DFE=pi-2gamma,.$$ Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is given by $$DF,sin(pi-2gamma)=DF,sin(2gamma),.$$
    Since the triangle $ABC$ and the triangle $DBF$ are similar, we get
    $$DF=AC,left(fracBDABright)=AC,cos(beta)=2,R,sin(beta),cos(beta)=R,sin(2beta),.$$
    Thus, the distance from $D$ to $EF$ is $R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$, whence the distance from $D$ to $IJ$ is
    $$rho:=frac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma),.$$



    enter image description here



    It is not difficult to see that $OAperp EF$, whence $OA perp IJ$. Therefore, $A$ is the midpoint of the arc $IAJ$. This shows that $$angle DKI=angle AKI=angle AKJ=angle DKJ=:theta,.$$ Ergo, the distance between $O$ and $EF$ is
    $$beginalignd:=OA-AE,sin(beta)&=R-AB,left(fracAEABright),sin(beta)\&=R-big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(alpha),sin(beta)\&=Rbig(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)big),.endalign$$
    Thus, the distance $delta$ between $O$ and $IJ$ is
    $$beginaligndelta=d-rho&=R,Big(1-2,cos(alpha),sin(beta),sin(gamma)-2,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
    \
    &=R,Big(1+2,big(cos(beta+gamma)-cos(beta),cos(gamma)big),sin(beta),sin(gamma)Big)
    \
    &=R,Big(1-2,sin^2(beta),sin^2(gamma)Big),.endalign$$



    Finally, note that $$beginalignDK=DH&=BD,cot(gamma)=big(AB,cos(beta)big),cot(gamma)\&=big(2,R,sin(gamma)big),cos(beta),cot(gamma)\&=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),.endalign$$
    Since $delta=R,cos(2,theta)=R,big(1-2,sin^2(theta)big)$, we conclude that
    $$sin(theta)=sin(beta),sin(gamma),,$$
    whence the distance from $D$ to $IK$ or to $JK$ is
    $$DK,sin(theta)=DK,sin(beta),sin(gamma)=2,R,cos(beta),cos(gamma),sin(beta),sin(gamma)=rho,.$$ Hence, $D$ is the incenter of the triangle $IJK$, with inradius $rho=dfrac12,R,sin(2beta),sin(2gamma)$.




    The case $alpha inleft(dfracpi2,piright)$ can be dealt with in a similar manner. One of the differences is that $angle DFE=2gamma$.



    enter image description here







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    edited Sep 10 at 10:21

























    answered Sep 9 at 20:18









    Batominovski

    26.2k22881




    26.2k22881











    • This is a good argument. Knowing that the portions of $triangle ABC$ outside of $triangle DEF$ are each similar to triangle $ABC$, making $angle DFE=pi-2gamma$, is evidently key to getting a general expression for the distance from $D$ to $IJ$. Very nice.
      – Edward Porcella
      Sep 11 at 5:04
















    • This is a good argument. Knowing that the portions of $triangle ABC$ outside of $triangle DEF$ are each similar to triangle $ABC$, making $angle DFE=pi-2gamma$, is evidently key to getting a general expression for the distance from $D$ to $IJ$. Very nice.
      – Edward Porcella
      Sep 11 at 5:04















    This is a good argument. Knowing that the portions of $triangle ABC$ outside of $triangle DEF$ are each similar to triangle $ABC$, making $angle DFE=pi-2gamma$, is evidently key to getting a general expression for the distance from $D$ to $IJ$. Very nice.
    – Edward Porcella
    Sep 11 at 5:04




    This is a good argument. Knowing that the portions of $triangle ABC$ outside of $triangle DEF$ are each similar to triangle $ABC$, making $angle DFE=pi-2gamma$, is evidently key to getting a general expression for the distance from $D$ to $IJ$. Very nice.
    – Edward Porcella
    Sep 11 at 5:04










    up vote
    0
    down vote













    Consider the special case where $triangle ABC$ is equilateral, with circumradius $OC=1$.



    Since $CB=sqrt3$ and $DE=fracCB2$, then $MD=fracsqrt34$, and in $triangle MDR$, $MR=frac12MD=fracsqrt38$, and $$RD=sqrtMD^2-MR^2=sqrtfrac1264-frac364=frac38=.375$$D is incenter of triangle IJK



    Now from $D$ make $DGperp IK$. Since chords $AK$ and $IJ$ intersect at $R$, then$$ARcdot RK=IRcdot RJ$$And since $AR=frac98$, and $RK=frac78$, and $IR=RJ$, then$$frac6364=IR^2$$and$$IR=sqrtfrac6364=frac38sqrt7$$Hence$$tanangle KIR=fracRKIR=fracsqrt73=.8819$$and$$angle KIR=arctan .8819=41.41^o$$Therefore$$angle GKD=angle IKR=48.59^o$$And since$$cos48.59^o=.6614=fracGKDK=fracGK.5$$then$$GK=.5times.6614=.3307$$and$$DG=sqrt.5^2-.3307^2=.375$$Therefore, the circle with radius $DR=.375$ is tangent to $IK$ at $G$. And because of the symmetry of the figure about $AK$, the same argument will show that the perpendicular from $D$ to $JK=.375$.



    Hence $D$ is the incenter of $triangle IJK$ when $triangle ABC$ is equilateral.



    So far so good, but what might be done to generalize this?






    share|cite|improve this answer


























      up vote
      0
      down vote













      Consider the special case where $triangle ABC$ is equilateral, with circumradius $OC=1$.



      Since $CB=sqrt3$ and $DE=fracCB2$, then $MD=fracsqrt34$, and in $triangle MDR$, $MR=frac12MD=fracsqrt38$, and $$RD=sqrtMD^2-MR^2=sqrtfrac1264-frac364=frac38=.375$$D is incenter of triangle IJK



      Now from $D$ make $DGperp IK$. Since chords $AK$ and $IJ$ intersect at $R$, then$$ARcdot RK=IRcdot RJ$$And since $AR=frac98$, and $RK=frac78$, and $IR=RJ$, then$$frac6364=IR^2$$and$$IR=sqrtfrac6364=frac38sqrt7$$Hence$$tanangle KIR=fracRKIR=fracsqrt73=.8819$$and$$angle KIR=arctan .8819=41.41^o$$Therefore$$angle GKD=angle IKR=48.59^o$$And since$$cos48.59^o=.6614=fracGKDK=fracGK.5$$then$$GK=.5times.6614=.3307$$and$$DG=sqrt.5^2-.3307^2=.375$$Therefore, the circle with radius $DR=.375$ is tangent to $IK$ at $G$. And because of the symmetry of the figure about $AK$, the same argument will show that the perpendicular from $D$ to $JK=.375$.



      Hence $D$ is the incenter of $triangle IJK$ when $triangle ABC$ is equilateral.



      So far so good, but what might be done to generalize this?






      share|cite|improve this answer
























        up vote
        0
        down vote










        up vote
        0
        down vote









        Consider the special case where $triangle ABC$ is equilateral, with circumradius $OC=1$.



        Since $CB=sqrt3$ and $DE=fracCB2$, then $MD=fracsqrt34$, and in $triangle MDR$, $MR=frac12MD=fracsqrt38$, and $$RD=sqrtMD^2-MR^2=sqrtfrac1264-frac364=frac38=.375$$D is incenter of triangle IJK



        Now from $D$ make $DGperp IK$. Since chords $AK$ and $IJ$ intersect at $R$, then$$ARcdot RK=IRcdot RJ$$And since $AR=frac98$, and $RK=frac78$, and $IR=RJ$, then$$frac6364=IR^2$$and$$IR=sqrtfrac6364=frac38sqrt7$$Hence$$tanangle KIR=fracRKIR=fracsqrt73=.8819$$and$$angle KIR=arctan .8819=41.41^o$$Therefore$$angle GKD=angle IKR=48.59^o$$And since$$cos48.59^o=.6614=fracGKDK=fracGK.5$$then$$GK=.5times.6614=.3307$$and$$DG=sqrt.5^2-.3307^2=.375$$Therefore, the circle with radius $DR=.375$ is tangent to $IK$ at $G$. And because of the symmetry of the figure about $AK$, the same argument will show that the perpendicular from $D$ to $JK=.375$.



        Hence $D$ is the incenter of $triangle IJK$ when $triangle ABC$ is equilateral.



        So far so good, but what might be done to generalize this?






        share|cite|improve this answer














        Consider the special case where $triangle ABC$ is equilateral, with circumradius $OC=1$.



        Since $CB=sqrt3$ and $DE=fracCB2$, then $MD=fracsqrt34$, and in $triangle MDR$, $MR=frac12MD=fracsqrt38$, and $$RD=sqrtMD^2-MR^2=sqrtfrac1264-frac364=frac38=.375$$D is incenter of triangle IJK



        Now from $D$ make $DGperp IK$. Since chords $AK$ and $IJ$ intersect at $R$, then$$ARcdot RK=IRcdot RJ$$And since $AR=frac98$, and $RK=frac78$, and $IR=RJ$, then$$frac6364=IR^2$$and$$IR=sqrtfrac6364=frac38sqrt7$$Hence$$tanangle KIR=fracRKIR=fracsqrt73=.8819$$and$$angle KIR=arctan .8819=41.41^o$$Therefore$$angle GKD=angle IKR=48.59^o$$And since$$cos48.59^o=.6614=fracGKDK=fracGK.5$$then$$GK=.5times.6614=.3307$$and$$DG=sqrt.5^2-.3307^2=.375$$Therefore, the circle with radius $DR=.375$ is tangent to $IK$ at $G$. And because of the symmetry of the figure about $AK$, the same argument will show that the perpendicular from $D$ to $JK=.375$.



        Hence $D$ is the incenter of $triangle IJK$ when $triangle ABC$ is equilateral.



        So far so good, but what might be done to generalize this?







        share|cite|improve this answer














        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer








        edited Sep 8 at 23:13

























        answered Sep 8 at 19:13









        Edward Porcella

        1,1831411




        1,1831411



























             

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