To show that the supremum of any collection of lower semicontinuous functions is lower semicontinuous
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Show that the supremum of any collection of lower semicontinuous functions is lower semicontinuous.
Suppose $f_n$ is a sequence of lower semicontinuous functions on a topological space $X$. Define $$g_k=sup_nge kf_n.$$ I could see that $$x: g_k(x)gt alpha=bigcup_n=k^inftyx:f_n(x)gt alpha$$ from where it follows that $g_k$ is lower semicontinuous. Also $g_n$ is monotonically decreasing sequence of semicontinuous functions, and because $$limsup_nrightarrowinfty f_n(x)=inf g_1(x), g_2(x), cdot cdot cdot$$, $limsup_nrightarrowinfty f_n(x)$ is lower semicontinuous if it can be shown that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function. How can I show this?
Also, even if the above can be implemented, I would only prove that the supremum of a sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is lower semicontinuous. What's the way generalize this to "any collection" of lower semicontinuous functions?
Thanks.
general-topology continuity supremum-and-infimum semicontinuous-functions
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up vote
2
down vote
favorite
Show that the supremum of any collection of lower semicontinuous functions is lower semicontinuous.
Suppose $f_n$ is a sequence of lower semicontinuous functions on a topological space $X$. Define $$g_k=sup_nge kf_n.$$ I could see that $$x: g_k(x)gt alpha=bigcup_n=k^inftyx:f_n(x)gt alpha$$ from where it follows that $g_k$ is lower semicontinuous. Also $g_n$ is monotonically decreasing sequence of semicontinuous functions, and because $$limsup_nrightarrowinfty f_n(x)=inf g_1(x), g_2(x), cdot cdot cdot$$, $limsup_nrightarrowinfty f_n(x)$ is lower semicontinuous if it can be shown that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function. How can I show this?
Also, even if the above can be implemented, I would only prove that the supremum of a sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is lower semicontinuous. What's the way generalize this to "any collection" of lower semicontinuous functions?
Thanks.
general-topology continuity supremum-and-infimum semicontinuous-functions
The problem asks for the supremum, not for $limsup$.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:17
@DanielFischer Thnks for pointing. Any hint as to how could one prove that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function if it is true?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
1
As for the penultimate paragraph, the limit of a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is generally not lower semicontinuous. Recall that the characteristic function of a set $A$ is lower semicontinuous if and only if $A$ is open. Let $(U_n)$ be a decreasing sequence of open sets. Then $lim chi_U_n = chi_bigcap U_n$, and any $G_delta$-set can be thus written. But not all $G_delta$s are open.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
Ok, but if the convergence is uniform, then this should hold?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:27
1
Yes, the limit of a (locally) uniformly convergent sequence (net) of lower [upper] semicontinuous functions is again lower [upper] semicontinuous, whether the sequence is monotonic or not.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:49
add a comment |Â
up vote
2
down vote
favorite
up vote
2
down vote
favorite
Show that the supremum of any collection of lower semicontinuous functions is lower semicontinuous.
Suppose $f_n$ is a sequence of lower semicontinuous functions on a topological space $X$. Define $$g_k=sup_nge kf_n.$$ I could see that $$x: g_k(x)gt alpha=bigcup_n=k^inftyx:f_n(x)gt alpha$$ from where it follows that $g_k$ is lower semicontinuous. Also $g_n$ is monotonically decreasing sequence of semicontinuous functions, and because $$limsup_nrightarrowinfty f_n(x)=inf g_1(x), g_2(x), cdot cdot cdot$$, $limsup_nrightarrowinfty f_n(x)$ is lower semicontinuous if it can be shown that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function. How can I show this?
Also, even if the above can be implemented, I would only prove that the supremum of a sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is lower semicontinuous. What's the way generalize this to "any collection" of lower semicontinuous functions?
Thanks.
general-topology continuity supremum-and-infimum semicontinuous-functions
Show that the supremum of any collection of lower semicontinuous functions is lower semicontinuous.
Suppose $f_n$ is a sequence of lower semicontinuous functions on a topological space $X$. Define $$g_k=sup_nge kf_n.$$ I could see that $$x: g_k(x)gt alpha=bigcup_n=k^inftyx:f_n(x)gt alpha$$ from where it follows that $g_k$ is lower semicontinuous. Also $g_n$ is monotonically decreasing sequence of semicontinuous functions, and because $$limsup_nrightarrowinfty f_n(x)=inf g_1(x), g_2(x), cdot cdot cdot$$, $limsup_nrightarrowinfty f_n(x)$ is lower semicontinuous if it can be shown that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function. How can I show this?
Also, even if the above can be implemented, I would only prove that the supremum of a sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is lower semicontinuous. What's the way generalize this to "any collection" of lower semicontinuous functions?
Thanks.
general-topology continuity supremum-and-infimum semicontinuous-functions
general-topology continuity supremum-and-infimum semicontinuous-functions
edited Sep 1 at 0:24
Martin Sleziak
43.7k6113260
43.7k6113260
asked Feb 19 '16 at 10:13
vnd
899720
899720
The problem asks for the supremum, not for $limsup$.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:17
@DanielFischer Thnks for pointing. Any hint as to how could one prove that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function if it is true?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
1
As for the penultimate paragraph, the limit of a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is generally not lower semicontinuous. Recall that the characteristic function of a set $A$ is lower semicontinuous if and only if $A$ is open. Let $(U_n)$ be a decreasing sequence of open sets. Then $lim chi_U_n = chi_bigcap U_n$, and any $G_delta$-set can be thus written. But not all $G_delta$s are open.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
Ok, but if the convergence is uniform, then this should hold?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:27
1
Yes, the limit of a (locally) uniformly convergent sequence (net) of lower [upper] semicontinuous functions is again lower [upper] semicontinuous, whether the sequence is monotonic or not.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:49
add a comment |Â
The problem asks for the supremum, not for $limsup$.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:17
@DanielFischer Thnks for pointing. Any hint as to how could one prove that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function if it is true?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
1
As for the penultimate paragraph, the limit of a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is generally not lower semicontinuous. Recall that the characteristic function of a set $A$ is lower semicontinuous if and only if $A$ is open. Let $(U_n)$ be a decreasing sequence of open sets. Then $lim chi_U_n = chi_bigcap U_n$, and any $G_delta$-set can be thus written. But not all $G_delta$s are open.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
Ok, but if the convergence is uniform, then this should hold?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:27
1
Yes, the limit of a (locally) uniformly convergent sequence (net) of lower [upper] semicontinuous functions is again lower [upper] semicontinuous, whether the sequence is monotonic or not.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:49
The problem asks for the supremum, not for $limsup$.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:17
The problem asks for the supremum, not for $limsup$.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:17
@DanielFischer Thnks for pointing. Any hint as to how could one prove that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function if it is true?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
@DanielFischer Thnks for pointing. Any hint as to how could one prove that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function if it is true?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
1
1
As for the penultimate paragraph, the limit of a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is generally not lower semicontinuous. Recall that the characteristic function of a set $A$ is lower semicontinuous if and only if $A$ is open. Let $(U_n)$ be a decreasing sequence of open sets. Then $lim chi_U_n = chi_bigcap U_n$, and any $G_delta$-set can be thus written. But not all $G_delta$s are open.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
As for the penultimate paragraph, the limit of a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is generally not lower semicontinuous. Recall that the characteristic function of a set $A$ is lower semicontinuous if and only if $A$ is open. Let $(U_n)$ be a decreasing sequence of open sets. Then $lim chi_U_n = chi_bigcap U_n$, and any $G_delta$-set can be thus written. But not all $G_delta$s are open.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
Ok, but if the convergence is uniform, then this should hold?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:27
Ok, but if the convergence is uniform, then this should hold?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:27
1
1
Yes, the limit of a (locally) uniformly convergent sequence (net) of lower [upper] semicontinuous functions is again lower [upper] semicontinuous, whether the sequence is monotonic or not.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:49
Yes, the limit of a (locally) uniformly convergent sequence (net) of lower [upper] semicontinuous functions is again lower [upper] semicontinuous, whether the sequence is monotonic or not.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:49
add a comment |Â
1 Answer
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Note that a function $f$ is lower semicontinuous iff given $x in X$ and $r < f(x)$ there is an open neighborhood of $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f(y)$ for each $y in U$.
Suppose that $ f_i _i in I$ is any collection of lower semicontinuous functions on $X$, and let $g$ be the pointwise supremum, i.e., $g (x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ for all $x in X$.
Taking $x in X$, and any $r < g(x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ it must be that there is an $i in I$ such that $r < f_i(x)$. Since $f_i$ is lower semicontinuous there is an open neighborhood $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f_i(y)$ for each $y in U$. As $f_i(y) leq g(y)$ for all $y$, it follows that $r < g(y)$ for each $y in U$.
add a comment |Â
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
up vote
6
down vote
accepted
Note that a function $f$ is lower semicontinuous iff given $x in X$ and $r < f(x)$ there is an open neighborhood of $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f(y)$ for each $y in U$.
Suppose that $ f_i _i in I$ is any collection of lower semicontinuous functions on $X$, and let $g$ be the pointwise supremum, i.e., $g (x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ for all $x in X$.
Taking $x in X$, and any $r < g(x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ it must be that there is an $i in I$ such that $r < f_i(x)$. Since $f_i$ is lower semicontinuous there is an open neighborhood $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f_i(y)$ for each $y in U$. As $f_i(y) leq g(y)$ for all $y$, it follows that $r < g(y)$ for each $y in U$.
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
accepted
Note that a function $f$ is lower semicontinuous iff given $x in X$ and $r < f(x)$ there is an open neighborhood of $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f(y)$ for each $y in U$.
Suppose that $ f_i _i in I$ is any collection of lower semicontinuous functions on $X$, and let $g$ be the pointwise supremum, i.e., $g (x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ for all $x in X$.
Taking $x in X$, and any $r < g(x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ it must be that there is an $i in I$ such that $r < f_i(x)$. Since $f_i$ is lower semicontinuous there is an open neighborhood $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f_i(y)$ for each $y in U$. As $f_i(y) leq g(y)$ for all $y$, it follows that $r < g(y)$ for each $y in U$.
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
accepted
up vote
6
down vote
accepted
Note that a function $f$ is lower semicontinuous iff given $x in X$ and $r < f(x)$ there is an open neighborhood of $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f(y)$ for each $y in U$.
Suppose that $ f_i _i in I$ is any collection of lower semicontinuous functions on $X$, and let $g$ be the pointwise supremum, i.e., $g (x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ for all $x in X$.
Taking $x in X$, and any $r < g(x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ it must be that there is an $i in I$ such that $r < f_i(x)$. Since $f_i$ is lower semicontinuous there is an open neighborhood $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f_i(y)$ for each $y in U$. As $f_i(y) leq g(y)$ for all $y$, it follows that $r < g(y)$ for each $y in U$.
Note that a function $f$ is lower semicontinuous iff given $x in X$ and $r < f(x)$ there is an open neighborhood of $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f(y)$ for each $y in U$.
Suppose that $ f_i _i in I$ is any collection of lower semicontinuous functions on $X$, and let $g$ be the pointwise supremum, i.e., $g (x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ for all $x in X$.
Taking $x in X$, and any $r < g(x) = sup_i in I f_i(x)$ it must be that there is an $i in I$ such that $r < f_i(x)$. Since $f_i$ is lower semicontinuous there is an open neighborhood $U$ of $x$ such that $r < f_i(y)$ for each $y in U$. As $f_i(y) leq g(y)$ for all $y$, it follows that $r < g(y)$ for each $y in U$.
answered Feb 19 '16 at 12:09
castor occupatus
4,363927
4,363927
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The problem asks for the supremum, not for $limsup$.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:17
@DanielFischer Thnks for pointing. Any hint as to how could one prove that a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions converges to a lower semicontinuous function if it is true?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
1
As for the penultimate paragraph, the limit of a monotonically decreasing sequence of lower semicontinuous functions is generally not lower semicontinuous. Recall that the characteristic function of a set $A$ is lower semicontinuous if and only if $A$ is open. Let $(U_n)$ be a decreasing sequence of open sets. Then $lim chi_U_n = chi_bigcap U_n$, and any $G_delta$-set can be thus written. But not all $G_delta$s are open.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:21
Ok, but if the convergence is uniform, then this should hold?
â vnd
Feb 19 '16 at 10:27
1
Yes, the limit of a (locally) uniformly convergent sequence (net) of lower [upper] semicontinuous functions is again lower [upper] semicontinuous, whether the sequence is monotonic or not.
â Daniel Fischerâ¦
Feb 19 '16 at 10:49