Geometric intuition for the complex shoelace formula

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The complex shoelace formula for the signed area of a triangle with vertices given by the complex numbers $a, b, c$ is $$fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
$$
I have seen the algebraic proof for this formula using elementary row operations and the multilinear nature of the determinant, however that style of proof appears to imply that the simplicity of the final result (i.e. a determinant involving only conjugates) is a coincidence; furthermore it provides little intuition.
I am looking for a way to understand this formula through a geometric/intuitive argument (not necessarily rigorous) in order to gain a deeper understanding rather than just accepting that the algebra works out.
linear-algebra geometry complex-numbers determinant intuition
add a comment |Â
up vote
5
down vote
favorite
The complex shoelace formula for the signed area of a triangle with vertices given by the complex numbers $a, b, c$ is $$fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
$$
I have seen the algebraic proof for this formula using elementary row operations and the multilinear nature of the determinant, however that style of proof appears to imply that the simplicity of the final result (i.e. a determinant involving only conjugates) is a coincidence; furthermore it provides little intuition.
I am looking for a way to understand this formula through a geometric/intuitive argument (not necessarily rigorous) in order to gain a deeper understanding rather than just accepting that the algebra works out.
linear-algebra geometry complex-numbers determinant intuition
add a comment |Â
up vote
5
down vote
favorite
up vote
5
down vote
favorite
The complex shoelace formula for the signed area of a triangle with vertices given by the complex numbers $a, b, c$ is $$fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
$$
I have seen the algebraic proof for this formula using elementary row operations and the multilinear nature of the determinant, however that style of proof appears to imply that the simplicity of the final result (i.e. a determinant involving only conjugates) is a coincidence; furthermore it provides little intuition.
I am looking for a way to understand this formula through a geometric/intuitive argument (not necessarily rigorous) in order to gain a deeper understanding rather than just accepting that the algebra works out.
linear-algebra geometry complex-numbers determinant intuition
The complex shoelace formula for the signed area of a triangle with vertices given by the complex numbers $a, b, c$ is $$fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
$$
I have seen the algebraic proof for this formula using elementary row operations and the multilinear nature of the determinant, however that style of proof appears to imply that the simplicity of the final result (i.e. a determinant involving only conjugates) is a coincidence; furthermore it provides little intuition.
I am looking for a way to understand this formula through a geometric/intuitive argument (not necessarily rigorous) in order to gain a deeper understanding rather than just accepting that the algebra works out.
linear-algebra geometry complex-numbers determinant intuition
asked Aug 16 at 23:52
Isaac Greene
18411
18411
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1 Answer
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Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:
$$
S_OBC = fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
0 & b & c \
overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
=
fraci4
beginvmatrix
b & c \
overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
= fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
= -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
$$
Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.
But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:
$$
S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
$$
The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:
$$
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
;=;
beginvmatrix
1 & 0 & 0 \
a & b-a & c-a \
overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
endvmatrix
$$
I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 19 at 22:50
@IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 0:35
It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 20 at 2:08
@IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 2:38
add a comment |Â
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
up vote
1
down vote
Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:
$$
S_OBC = fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
0 & b & c \
overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
=
fraci4
beginvmatrix
b & c \
overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
= fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
= -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
$$
Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.
But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:
$$
S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
$$
The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:
$$
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
;=;
beginvmatrix
1 & 0 & 0 \
a & b-a & c-a \
overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
endvmatrix
$$
I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 19 at 22:50
@IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 0:35
It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 20 at 2:08
@IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 2:38
add a comment |Â
up vote
1
down vote
Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:
$$
S_OBC = fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
0 & b & c \
overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
=
fraci4
beginvmatrix
b & c \
overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
= fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
= -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
$$
Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.
But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:
$$
S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
$$
The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:
$$
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
;=;
beginvmatrix
1 & 0 & 0 \
a & b-a & c-a \
overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
endvmatrix
$$
I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 19 at 22:50
@IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 0:35
It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 20 at 2:08
@IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 2:38
add a comment |Â
up vote
1
down vote
up vote
1
down vote
Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:
$$
S_OBC = fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
0 & b & c \
overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
=
fraci4
beginvmatrix
b & c \
overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
= fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
= -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
$$
Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.
But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:
$$
S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
$$
The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:
$$
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
;=;
beginvmatrix
1 & 0 & 0 \
a & b-a & c-a \
overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
endvmatrix
$$
Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:
$$
S_OBC = fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
0 & b & c \
overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
=
fraci4
beginvmatrix
b & c \
overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
= fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
= -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
$$
Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.
But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:
$$
S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
$$
The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:
$$
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
;=;
beginvmatrix
1 & 0 & 0 \
a & b-a & c-a \
overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
endvmatrix
$$
answered Aug 19 at 3:20
dxiv
55.1k64798
55.1k64798
I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 19 at 22:50
@IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 0:35
It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 20 at 2:08
@IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 2:38
add a comment |Â
I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 19 at 22:50
@IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 0:35
It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 20 at 2:08
@IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 2:38
I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 19 at 22:50
I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 19 at 22:50
@IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 0:35
@IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 0:35
It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 20 at 2:08
It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
â Isaac Greene
Aug 20 at 2:08
@IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 2:38
@IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
â dxiv
Aug 20 at 2:38
add a comment |Â
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