Geometric intuition for the complex shoelace formula

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The complex shoelace formula for the signed area of a triangle with vertices given by the complex numbers $a, b, c$ is $$fraci4
beginvmatrix
1 & 1 & 1 \
a & b & c \
overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
endvmatrix
$$



I have seen the algebraic proof for this formula using elementary row operations and the multilinear nature of the determinant, however that style of proof appears to imply that the simplicity of the final result (i.e. a determinant involving only conjugates) is a coincidence; furthermore it provides little intuition.



I am looking for a way to understand this formula through a geometric/intuitive argument (not necessarily rigorous) in order to gain a deeper understanding rather than just accepting that the algebra works out.







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    The complex shoelace formula for the signed area of a triangle with vertices given by the complex numbers $a, b, c$ is $$fraci4
    beginvmatrix
    1 & 1 & 1 \
    a & b & c \
    overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
    endvmatrix
    $$



    I have seen the algebraic proof for this formula using elementary row operations and the multilinear nature of the determinant, however that style of proof appears to imply that the simplicity of the final result (i.e. a determinant involving only conjugates) is a coincidence; furthermore it provides little intuition.



    I am looking for a way to understand this formula through a geometric/intuitive argument (not necessarily rigorous) in order to gain a deeper understanding rather than just accepting that the algebra works out.







    share|cite|improve this question






















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      down vote

      favorite
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      The complex shoelace formula for the signed area of a triangle with vertices given by the complex numbers $a, b, c$ is $$fraci4
      beginvmatrix
      1 & 1 & 1 \
      a & b & c \
      overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
      endvmatrix
      $$



      I have seen the algebraic proof for this formula using elementary row operations and the multilinear nature of the determinant, however that style of proof appears to imply that the simplicity of the final result (i.e. a determinant involving only conjugates) is a coincidence; furthermore it provides little intuition.



      I am looking for a way to understand this formula through a geometric/intuitive argument (not necessarily rigorous) in order to gain a deeper understanding rather than just accepting that the algebra works out.







      share|cite|improve this question












      The complex shoelace formula for the signed area of a triangle with vertices given by the complex numbers $a, b, c$ is $$fraci4
      beginvmatrix
      1 & 1 & 1 \
      a & b & c \
      overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
      endvmatrix
      $$



      I have seen the algebraic proof for this formula using elementary row operations and the multilinear nature of the determinant, however that style of proof appears to imply that the simplicity of the final result (i.e. a determinant involving only conjugates) is a coincidence; furthermore it provides little intuition.



      I am looking for a way to understand this formula through a geometric/intuitive argument (not necessarily rigorous) in order to gain a deeper understanding rather than just accepting that the algebra works out.









      share|cite|improve this question











      share|cite|improve this question




      share|cite|improve this question










      asked Aug 16 at 23:52









      Isaac Greene

      18411




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          Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:



          $$
          S_OBC = fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          0 & b & c \
          overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          =
          fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          b & c \
          overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          = fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
          = -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
          $$



          Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.



          But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:



          $$
          S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
          $$



          The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:



          $$
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          a & b & c \
          overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          ;=;
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 0 & 0 \
          a & b-a & c-a \
          overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
          endvmatrix
          $$






          share|cite|improve this answer




















          • I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 19 at 22:50










          • @IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 0:35











          • It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 20 at 2:08










          • @IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 2:38











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          1 Answer
          1






          active

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          active

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          up vote
          1
          down vote













          Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:



          $$
          S_OBC = fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          0 & b & c \
          overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          =
          fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          b & c \
          overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          = fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
          = -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
          $$



          Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.



          But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:



          $$
          S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
          $$



          The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:



          $$
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          a & b & c \
          overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          ;=;
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 0 & 0 \
          a & b-a & c-a \
          overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
          endvmatrix
          $$






          share|cite|improve this answer




















          • I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 19 at 22:50










          • @IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 0:35











          • It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 20 at 2:08










          • @IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 2:38















          up vote
          1
          down vote













          Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:



          $$
          S_OBC = fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          0 & b & c \
          overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          =
          fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          b & c \
          overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          = fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
          = -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
          $$



          Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.



          But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:



          $$
          S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
          $$



          The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:



          $$
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          a & b & c \
          overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          ;=;
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 0 & 0 \
          a & b-a & c-a \
          overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
          endvmatrix
          $$






          share|cite|improve this answer




















          • I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 19 at 22:50










          • @IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 0:35











          • It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 20 at 2:08










          • @IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 2:38













          up vote
          1
          down vote










          up vote
          1
          down vote









          Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:



          $$
          S_OBC = fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          0 & b & c \
          overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          =
          fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          b & c \
          overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          = fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
          = -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
          $$



          Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.



          But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:



          $$
          S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
          $$



          The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:



          $$
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          a & b & c \
          overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          ;=;
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 0 & 0 \
          a & b-a & c-a \
          overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
          endvmatrix
          $$






          share|cite|improve this answer












          Consider the case $,a=0,$, first, where the proposed formula reduces to:



          $$
          S_OBC = fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          0 & b & c \
          overline0 & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          =
          fraci4
          beginvmatrix
          b & c \
          overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          = fraci4left(b bar c - bar b cright)
          = -,frac12,operatornameIm(b bar c) tag1
          $$



          Let $,b = |b| e^i beta,$, $,c = |c| e^igamma,$, then $,b bar c = |b|cdot|c|cdot e^i(beta-gamma)=colorbluecdotcolorbluecdot left(cos(beta-gamma)+ i colorredsin(beta-gamma)right),$, so $,(1),$ is equivalent to the familiar triangle (signed) area formula $,S_OBC = frac12,colorblueOB cdot colorblueOC cdot colorredsin widehatBOC,$.



          But area is, of course, invariant under translations, so it follows that in the general case:



          $$
          S_ABC = frac12,AB cdot AC cdot sin widehatBAC = -,frac12,operatornameImleft((b-a) overline(c-a)right) tag2
          $$



          The latter is equivalent to the posted formula via elementary column operations:



          $$
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 1 & 1 \
          a & b & c \
          overlinea & overlineb & overlinec \
          endvmatrix
          ;=;
          beginvmatrix
          1 & 0 & 0 \
          a & b-a & c-a \
          overlinea & overlineb-a & overlinec-a \
          endvmatrix
          $$







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered Aug 19 at 3:20









          dxiv

          55.1k64798




          55.1k64798











          • I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 19 at 22:50










          • @IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 0:35











          • It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 20 at 2:08










          • @IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 2:38

















          • I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 19 at 22:50










          • @IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 0:35











          • It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
            – Isaac Greene
            Aug 20 at 2:08










          • @IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
            – dxiv
            Aug 20 at 2:38
















          I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
          – Isaac Greene
          Aug 19 at 22:50




          I appreciate this neat explanation, however I fail to see the intuition it offers as to why the final answer is an extremely simple 3x3 determinant. It's still as if the simplicity of the final formula is a coincidence.
          – Isaac Greene
          Aug 19 at 22:50












          @IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
          – dxiv
          Aug 20 at 0:35





          @IsaacGreene $;(1),$ above links the geometric formula $,S=frac12bc sin A,$ to the minor $,beginvmatrix b & c \ overlineb & overlinec \ endvmatrix,$ of the determinant. The rest is just the classic shoelace argument, plus recognizing the Laplacian expansion by minors to write everything as one single $3$x$3$ determinant. I am not entirely sure what kind of "intuition" you are looking for, which you would find satisfactory.
          – dxiv
          Aug 20 at 0:35













          It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
          – Isaac Greene
          Aug 20 at 2:08




          It isn't necessary for the final formula to be so 'neat' (i.e. it could be much more complicated) I am seeking some intuition for why it is so neat.
          – Isaac Greene
          Aug 20 at 2:08












          @IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
          – dxiv
          Aug 20 at 2:38





          @IsaacGreene I guess you could start with the Equation of line in form of determinant, then adapt the argument used in What's an intuitive way to think about the determinant? to the complex case. Basically, show that the row-linearity and the value of $,1,$ for points $,0,1,i,$ uniquely define the area of the triangle.
          – dxiv
          Aug 20 at 2:38













           

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